Transparencies
 
 
 

Slide 1: Electromagnetic spectra of solar and terrestrial radiation

Slide 2: Earth-sun diagram showing cardinal dates (soltices and equinoxes) and nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) earth-sun distances

Slide 3: The earth's orbit is an ellipse, with the sun located at one focus

Slide 4: The earth's revolution and seasonal changes

Slide 5: At the autumnal and vernal eqinoxes, insolation (incoming solar radiation) is maximum at the Equator, and day and night are of equal length eveywhere

Slide 6: At the Northern Hemisphere summer solstice, maximum insolation is at 23 degrees, 27 minutes N, and days are longer than nights everywhere north of the Equator

Slide 7: Diagram of the earth's path and what the sun 'sees'

Slide 8: The thickness of the atmosphere through which the solar beam passes is a function of the secant of the zenith angle

Slide 9: Reduction of solar radiation by the atmosphere for selected latitudes and cardinal dates, assuming transmission coefficient of 0.6 through clear skies

Slide 10: The daily variation of extraterrestrial radiation (left) and insolation (right) with time of year and latitude

Slide11: Latitude determination

Slide 12: Where is the sun?

Slide 13: Half-sphere of the imaginary sky vault with sun paths

Slide 14: Solar path diagram - 1

Slide 15: Solar path diagram - 2

Slide 16: Average direct-beam solar radiation at surface at Tucson as a function of surface slope and direction, time of day, and time of year

Slide 17:  Computed external wall surface temperatures in January (top) and July (bottom) for different orientations and colors

Slide 18: Albedos of common earth surface substances, clouds, and some planets

Slide 19: Surface net radiation (Q*), global, January and July

Slide 20: Representative diurnal variation of the components of the surface energy balance for three locations

Slide 21: Representative annual variation of the components of the surface energy balance for U.S. and global sites

Slide 22: Mean latitudinal values of the components of the surface energy balance for the earthís surface (kilolangleys per year)

Slide 23: Sensible heat flux from the earthís surface into the atmosphere, in kilocalories per square centimeter per year.

Slide 24: Latent heat flux from the earthís surface into the atmosphere, in kilocalories per square centimeter per year.

Slide 25: Average annual latitudinal distribution of the radiation balances of the earthís surface, R, of the atmosphere Ra, and of the earth-atmosphere system, Rg, in kilolangleys per year (top) and the poleward energy flux in kilocalories per year and in kilocalories per year per centimeter of latitude circle; Annual energy balance of the continents and the partitioning into H, E, and the Bowen ratio

Slide 26: Annual mean northward energy fluxes shown as the total flux and its three components.

Slide 27: The earthís annual mean global budget

Slide 28: Land vs water

Slide 29: Thermal properties of air and various surface substances

Slide 30: Specific and latent heats of pure water

Slide 31: Whereís the water and what moves it around?

Slide 32: Water balance of the continents, and the latitudinal variation of absolute and relative humidity, evaporation and precipitation

Slide 33: Approaches to the calculation of evaporation

Slide 34: Temporal variations in evaporation at College Station

Slide 35: Occurrences of absolute humidity (dewpoint) by temperature, for all months, College Station (1982-1986)

Slide 36: A water budget for College Station, Texas

Slide 37: Mean annual lake evaporation, 48 states

Slide 38: Mean annual pan evaporation, 48 states

Slide 39: Annual variation of water budget factors at selected stations

Slide 40:The Path to Precipitation

Slide 41:Global precipitable water in January and July

Slide 42:Frequency and standard wind roses at La Guardia

Slide 43:Surface wind roses, continental U.S., July

Slide 44:Pressure patterns likely to develop on an earth with greatly simplified continental locations and configurations

Slide 45:Mean temperature of the atmosphere to 100mb and its annual variability, for 10 S to 90 N, January and July

Slide 46:Annual averages of zonal, meridional and vertical winds by latitude

Slide 47:The mean jet stream in winter and summer

Slide 48:Principal features of the general circulation for the Northern Hemisphere winter

Slide 49:East-west climate differences due to the differential subsidence ofsubtropical highs and related geophysical characteristics

Slide 50:Vertical distribution of air mass characteristics for U.S. stations in summer and winter

Slide 51:North American winter lag, in days, of temperature minimum behind radiation minimum

Slide 52:Thermoisopleth diagrams for representative tropical wet-dry, and continental, climates

Slide 53: Mean number of days with more 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, annual, U.S.

Slide 54:Intensity duration curves for various return periods for Miami and Seattle.

Slide 55:World record rainfalls and the envelope of expected extremes.

Slide 56 and 57:The Koeppen system of climate classification

Slide 58:Station data to be classified.