7. References [Table of Contents]

Ahijevych, D. A., S. A. Rutledge, and L. D. Carey, 2000: Radar and electrical characteristics of convection observed during MCTEX. Aust. Met. Mag., 49, 165-180.

Bornstein, R., and Q. Lin, 2000: Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta: three case studies. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 507-516.

Braham, R. R., R. G. Semonin, A. H. Auer, S. A. Changnon, Jr., and J. M. Hales, 1981: Summary of urban effects on clouds and rain. METROMEX: A Review and Summary, Meteor. Monogr., No. 40, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 141-152.

Changnon, S. A., Jr., 1978: Urban effect on severe local storms at St. Louis. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 578-586.

Chen, C. H., and H. D. Orville, 1980: Effects of convergence on cloud convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 256-274.

Dickerson, R. R., G. J. Huffman, W. T. Luke, L. J. Nunnermacker, K. E. Pickering, A. C. D. Leslie, C. G. Lindsey, W. G. N. Slinn, T. J. Kelly, P. H. Daum, A. C. Delany, J. P. Greenberg, P. R. Zimmerman, J. F. Boatman, J. D. Ray, D. H. Stedman, 1987: Thunderstorms: An important mechanism in the transport of air pollutants. Science, 235, 460-465.

Gibson, H. M., and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1990: Cloud and convection frequencies over the southeast United States as related to small-scale geographic features. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2215-2227.

Huff, F. A., and S. A. Changnon, Jr., 1972: Inadvertent precipitation modification by urban areas. Preprints, 3rd Conf. on Weather Modification, Rapid City, SD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73-78.  

Huntrieser, H., Ch. Feigl, H. Schlager, F. Schröder, Ch. Gerbig, P. van Velthoven, F. Flatøy, C. Théry, H. Höller, and U. Schumann, 2000: Contribution of lightning-produced NOx to the European and global NOx budget: Results and estimates from airborne EULINOX measurements. EULINOX – The European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project, Final Report 1998-1999, H. Höller and U. Schumann, Eds., DLR, 43-76.    

Klitch, M. A., J. F. Weaver, F. P. Kelly, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1985: Convective cloud climatologies constructed from satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 326-337.

Lee, D. S., I. Köhler, E. Grobler, F. Rohrer, R. Sausen, L. Gallardo-Klenner, J. G. J. Olivier, F. J. Dentener, and A. F. Bouwman, 1997: Estimations of global NOx emissions and their uncertainties. Atmos. Environ., 31, 1735-1749.

MacGorman, D. R., and W. D. Rust, 1998: The Electrical Nature of Storms. Oxford University Press, 422 pp.

McPherson, R. D., 1970: A numerical study of the effect of a coastal irregularity on the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 767-777.

Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., 2000: The Houston heat pump: modulation of a land-sea breeze by an urban heat island. Preprints, 11th Joint Conf. on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with the A&WMA, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65-69.

Orville R. E., G. Huffines, J. Nielsen-Gammon, R. Zhang, B. Ely, S. Steiger, S. Phillips, S. Allen, and W. Read, 2001: Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Geophys. Res. Ltr., 28, 2597-2600.  

Orville, R. E. and G. R. Huffines, 2001: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the USA: NLDN results in the first decade 1989-1998. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, No. 5, 1179-1193.

Rosenfeld, D., 2000: Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution. Science, 287, 1793-1796.

_____, and I. M. Lensky, 1998: Satellite-based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 79, 2457-2476.  

Rust, W. D. and D. R. MacGorman, 2002:  Possible inverted-polarity electrical structures in thunderstorms during STEPS. Geophys. Res. Ltr., 29, 12, 10.1029/2001GL014303.

Semonin, R. G., 1981: Surface weather conditions. METROMEX: A Review and Summary, Meteor. Monogr., No. 40, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 17-40.

Smith, D. L., 1970: The application of digitized radar data to the prediction of summertime convective activity in coastal regions. Proceedings, 14th Int’l Conference on Radar Meteorology, Tucson, AZ., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 347-351.  

Steiger, S., R. Orville, and G. Huffines, 2002: Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics over Houston, Texas: 1989-2000. J. Geophys. Res., 107, D11, 10.1029/2001JD001142.

Stolzenburg, M., W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall, 1998: Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions, 3. Synthesis. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,097-14,108.

Stuart, N. A., H. D. Cobb, W. F. Albright, A. T. Anderson, and J. Browder, cited 2000: Correlating thunderstorm lightning patterns with WSR-88D signatures and resultant benefits for utility companies: a preliminary investigation of the Hampton Roads “Hot Spot.” [Available on-line from http://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/akq/ltgstudy.html.]

Westcott, N. E., 1995: Summertime cloud-to-ground activity around major Midwestern urban areas. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1633-1642.

Williams, E., D. Rosenfeld, N. Madden, C. Labrada, J. Gerlach, and L. Atkinson, 1999: The role of boundary layer precipitation and electrification: Another look at the contrast between lightning over land and over ocean. Proceedings, 11th Int’l Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, AL., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 754-757.

Yoshikado, H., 1992: Numerical study of the daytime urban effect and its interaction with the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1146-1164.

_____, 1994: Interaction of the sea breeze with urban heat islands of different sizes and locations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 139-142.  

Acknowledgements. Much of the format and some of the information for this operational plan came from the operation plans of the MCS Electrification and Polarization Radar Study (MEaPRS-98) and the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS-2000), and from the scientific overview of STEPS-2000.